Photographic Examinations

Bank Robbery and Other Surveillance Films
and Videotapes

(See Photographic Comparisons and Photogrammetry)

Dimensions can be derived from photographic images through the use of geometric formulae or on-site comparison. Examples of photogrammetry include determining the height of bank robbery subject(s) and the length of the weapon(s) used by the subject(s) depicted in the surveillance films. The form used to collect information needed to perform a photogrammetric examination is shown below. For more information about Makmal Forensik photogrammetry, contact 03-9702336.

 

Field Office Instructions

Photogrammetric analysis (height determination) of a bank robber can be conducted analytically using vanishing points.

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Location, Time, and Date

Examinations of photographic evidence can determine the location, time, and date that an image was taken.

Authenticity

Photographic evidence, including film, video, and digital images, can be examined to determine whether the image is the result of a composite, an alteration, or a copy.

Source and Age

Photographic products, including film and prints, can be dated, and the source can be established by examining manufacturing characteristics. This can establish the time frame during which a photograph was taken.

Cameras

Cameras can be examined and compared with negatives to determine whether a specific camera exposed a specific image.

Videos

Black-and-white and color photographic images can be produced from video images for enlargement and used in courtroom presentations.

Automobile Make and Model Identification

Vehicles depicted in surveillance images can be compared with the National Automotive Image File to determine make and model.

Child Pornography Examinations

The seized images of child pornography can be compared against images in the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Reference File to identify the original source of the images.

Submitting Photographic Evidence

Questions concerning photographic evidence should be directed to 03-9702366. Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

• Submit original evidence (film or videotape) whenever possible because they contain the greatest level of detail. If the originals are unavailable, submit first generation photographic prints or videotapes.
  
  
• Process all film, including bank surveillance film, prior to submission.
  
  
• When requesting forensic examinations based on video images, queue the original videotape to the approximate time of the questioned sequence. State in a communication the date and time of the relevant sequence and use the date-time stamp on the images or the counter indicator (set from the beginning of the tape at 000). If prints from the relevant frames are available, submit them to the Laboratory.
  
  
• Always remove the record tab on the back edge of the videocassette. Never use the pause operation when viewing original videotapes. If a videotape must be viewed, use a copy.
  
  
• Arrest or known photographs of suspect(s) for comparison with questioned images should depict the suspect(s) from many angles, specifically angles similar to the questioned images. If a facial comparison is requested, ensure that the suspect(s)' face or head fills more than half of the frame. If questioned images show tattoos or marks on a suspect(s)' body, include photographs depicting tattoos or marks on the known body.
  
  
• When taking known photographs for comparison with questioned images, use 35-mm black-and-white film. If color film is used, include a color chart in the photographs.
  
  
• When submitting clothing, firearms, or other items for comparison, do not mark the exteriors of the items or parts that may be visible in the questioned images.
  
  
• If photogrammetry is requested, include the dimensions of the scene to the nearest 1/8 inch and include a diagram or print from the surveillance film indicating the location of the measurements. Include one diagram or print for every angle used in the scene. Do not touch or move surveillance cameras except to remove the film.
  
  
• Submissions for comparison with the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Reference File should be limited to no more than 30 images. Call 03-9702366 for specific instructions.